Detailed answer

Long-term exposure to air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has been linked to increased inflammation in the body, which can contribute to bone resorption and decreased bone density. Air pollution can also lead to oxidative stress, which can disrupt the balance between bone formation and breakdown, potentially leading to osteoporosis. Additionally, certain air pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals may directly affect bone cells and interfere with their normal functioning. Poor air quality can also worsen symptoms of arthritis and other joint-related conditions due to increased inflammation. To protect joint and bone health, it is important to minimize exposure to air pollution by avoiding heavily polluted areas whenever possible and using indoor air purifiers.