Detailed answer

Hyperpigmentation is primarily caused by an overproduction of melanin in the skin, often triggered by factors such as sun damage, hormonal changes, inflammation, or skin injuries. While some toners or astringents may contain ingredients that can cause skin irritation or sensitivity, leading to temporary redness or inflammation, they do not directly cause hyperpigmentation. However, excessive use of certain skincare products or improper application can potentially disrupt the skin's barrier function and make it more susceptible to pigmentation issues. It is important to choose toners or astringents specifically formulated for your skin type and to follow the recommended usage instructions to maintain the health and balance of your skin.